• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates in a first aspect to a composition comprising binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, plaster and combinations thereof: 1-3% expanded perlite with respect to the mass of binder material; and 1-3% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material. The invention further relates to a construction material comprising a composition according to the first aspect of the invention. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the first aspect of the invention, or to the use of a building material according to the present invention, for the manufacture of a prefabricated building part. In a last aspect, the invention relates to a method for obtaining a construction material. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2841130A1
    申请号:ES202130483
    申请日:2021-05-28
    公开日:2021-07-07
    发明作者:Vega Daniel Ferrández；Fernández Carlos Morón；Dorado Manuel Alvarez；Miragaya Patricia Guijarro
    申请人:Universidad Politecnica de Madrid；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0002] TECHNICAL SECTOR
    [0004] The present invention consists of a new lightened binder material, based on anhydrite, gypsum, and / or plaster, which is especially suitable for use in the preparation of prefabricated buildings for buildings.
    [0006] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0008] Plaster is one of the most used building materials since ancient times, whose main raw material is aljez, which is found in nature. in the form of sedimentary rock of chemical precipitation constituted by the so-called dihydrate gypsum (CaSO42H2O). Among the most relevant properties of construction plaster we find: the exothermic reaction that plaster dust experiences when it comes into contact with water, causing a rapid setting of the material, its good ability to adhere to ceramic materials and its high capacity for hygrothermal regulation. that make it an ideal interior lining, as well as its high surface hardness that evolves inversely with the mixing water content and its good performance as a thermal, acoustic and fireproof insulator. However, the high industrialization of the building sector and the increase in increasingly demanding technical requirements, have led multiple researchers to carry out studies that allow improving or adapting the functionalities of plaster-based materials to the needs demanded by manufacturers, even more so if it is a question of the preparation of precast plaster for construction.
    [0010] Nowadays, the use of plaster made in situ and applied on interior walls is less and less frequent. This is due to the difficulty of finding specialized labor and the over-cost that it causes, derived in turn from longer execution times. For this reason, as has been mentioned, the construction sector tends towards an industrialization of the execution process through the elaboration of prefabricated elements that facilitate their assembly on site and maintain the benefits of traditional partitions.
    [0011] However, despite the fact that today the use of these prefabricated panels and plates is widespread, their incorporation into the building sector has been slow and gradual. Traditionally, they were not very well accepted due to their cumbersome handling on site, their low deformation capacity and easy breakage, and their differential behavior in the union joints. Many of these problems have been solved by incorporating reinforcing fibers in the plaster matrix, as well as other additives and aggregates that have made it possible to improve its properties and without having to vary the size of the panels. However, the addition of these compounds to improve physical and mechanical properties is usually conditioned by the need to obtain a workable mixture, and obtain partitions and coatings that maintain the flatness and ready texture between their faces, giving the room an appearance of continuous surface.
    [0013] Below are some relevant examples about the use of suitable materials for the preparation of construction materials that can be used in the preparation of prefabricated materials.
    [0015] - Patent JP2012036020A entitled "Lightened inorganic thermal insulating material" refers to a new type of plaster material with incorporation of perlite for use in building. Said invention refers to the elaboration of mixtures with percentages between 30-50% by weight of obsidian perlite and 70-50% by weight of gypsum, where a material with high thermal insulation properties and water resistance, great lightness and fireproof, is obtained, which makes it ideal for use in coatings and interiors .
    [0016] - Patent KR20080038173A entitled "Lightened Panel" describes a preferred embodiment for a prefabricated panel composed of a core of lightweight material containing a mixture of perlite, binder and cellulose fiber, together with a laminated paper facing sheet adhered to one of the faces of the precast panel, thus achieving a lightweight material with good mechanical properties.
    [0017] - Patent KR20100003453A entitled "Components of a non-combustible panel" refers to a new prefabricated panel composed of 45-75% gypsum, 20-35% perlite, 3-15% fly ash and 3-10% of shells. Dosing makes the material obtained improve protection against noise, has good behavior against wet conditions and acceptable mechanical resistance.
    [0018] - Patent ES 2292 309 entitled "Construction material of lightened plaster or plaster and its use in plates and panels", refers to a material used to lighten plaster or plaster and its use in the preparation of precasts. Plaster or plaster as a binder they are mixed together with binary additions of expanded polystyrene and polypropylene fibers that allow to obtain greater lightness and maintain the properties of porosity, mechanical resistance and setting times at acceptable values for use in building. - Patent CN109467378A entitled "Anhydrite preparation method for thermal insulation type plastering" describes a method for preparing a new anhydrite material for making thermo-insulating type plasters that incorporates potassium polyacrylate in its composition.
    [0019] - Patent US2020102744A1 entitled "Gypsum panels, systems and methods" indicates a new way of making prefabricated panels that include a gypsum core containing set gypsum and unexpanded perlite mineral. It is an invention that makes it possible to obtain good quality precasts. quality, mechanical performance and great lightness.
    [0020] - Patent RU2007137997A entitled "Composition and gypsum composed of itself and gypsum material based on wet fibers" describes a methodology for preparing prefabricated gypsum composites with the addition of polymeric emulsions, where the use of potassium polyacrylate as one of them stands out. .
    [0022] In any case, there is a need in this technical field for new lightened plaster or plaster materials specially conceived for the manufacture of prefabricated plates and panels with lower density and good mechanical properties, which can be adapted to the different needs of construction. .
    [0024] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    [0026] The present invention consists of a new lightened binder material that is especially suitable for use in the preparation of prefabricated materials for edification. The lightened material contains potassium polyacrylate and pearlite in its composition. These additives allow to considerably lighten the weight of the plates for the execution of false ceilings and of the panels for the execution of interior partitions. In this way, the invention can be applied in sectors such as Construction, Civil Engineering, Building, Materials Technology, Industrial Technology and Production. Therefore, the inventors propose a new binder material (for example, plaster) for the production of precasts that manages to improve their lightness without impairing their mechanical properties. This is achieved by incorporating two additives during the kneading process: potassium polyacrylate and expanded perlite.
    [0028] Thus, in a first aspect the invention refers to a composition comprising:
    [0029] • binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, plaster, and combinations thereof;
    [0030] • 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material; • 1-3% potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material.
    [0032] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a construction material comprising a composition according to the first aspect of the invention. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the first aspect of the invention, or to the use of a construction material according to the present invention, for the manufacture of a prefabricated construction part.
    [0034] In a final aspect, the invention refers to a method for obtaining a construction material, wherein said method comprises the following stages:
    [0035] a) mixing a binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum and plaster, with 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material, and with 1-3% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material;
    [0036] b) adding the mixture of step (a) by dusting the content in a container with water, where the amount of water is in a ratio of between 0.65 and 0.80 with respect to the mass of binder material;
    [0037] c) carry out a process of kneading the mixture of step (a) in water.
    [0038] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0040] At the end of this specification, some possible applications of this lightened plaster material for the manufacture of plates for registrable or continuous false ceilings, and for the execution of prefabricated panels of dry partition walls and cladding, have been represented for illustrative and non-limiting purposes. interiors. These schemes are intended to complement the description of the invention in a synthesized way:
    [0042] • Figure 1.- Perspective view of a typical precast plaster panel.
    [0043] • Figure 2.- Cross-sectional view of a constructive detail of fastening the plates with profiles anchored to the upper slab and meeting with interior partitions
    [0044] • Figure 3.- Perspective view of an interior partitioning system with prefabricated plaster panels.
    [0046] In Figures:
    [0047] (1) represents the anchoring profile of the plates;
    [0048] (2) represents an example of a type lightened inner plate;
    [0049] (3) represents an example of a type lightened outdoor plate;
    [0050] (4) represents an example of anchoring to a slab of the plates for a false ceiling;
    [0051] (5) represents the air chamber or plenum; Y
    [0052] (6) represents an example of a slab or horizontal structure.
    [0053] In addition, the letters indicate: (A) width, (L) length and (e) thickness.
    [0055] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0057] As explained above, the inventors propose a new binder material (for example, plaster) for the production of precasts that manages to improve their lightness without compromising their mechanical properties. This is achieved by incorporating two additives during the kneading process: potassium polyacrylate and expanded perlite. Thus, the present invention consists of a lightened binder material (ie, plaster, gypsum and / or anhydrite) especially indicated for the production of plates for false ceilings and prefabricated panels. its The main application is conceived for the construction sector, since its greater lightness and ease of handling facilitates its installation and reduces execution times on site. This material is composed of any type of anhydrite, plaster and / or gypsum as a binder ready to be mixed with water, with the addition of potassium polyacrylate that reduces the setting time and generates an internal pore network, and addition of pearlite as a material. lightening. The invention also relates to methods of manufacturing these plasters and their use as construction materials. The result is the obtaining of a new lightened plaster material for the preparation of precast, especially for false ceilings, with a mechanical behavior similar to the existing precast, but with a decrease of between 15 and 20% of its density, a better thermal insulation and shorter setting times.
    [0059] Products of the invention
    [0061] In a first aspect, the invention refers to a composition comprising:
    [0062] • binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, plaster, and combinations thereof;
    [0063] • 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material; • 1-3% potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material.
    [0065] The percentage by weight of the expanded pearlite and the percentage by weight of the potassium polyacrylate are indicated with respect to the mass of binder material. In particular embodiments, the composition comprises 1-3%, or 1-2% of expanded pearlite with respect to the mass of binder material. In particular embodiments, the composition comprises 1%, 2%, or 3% of expanded pearlite with respect to the mass of binder material. In particular embodiments, the composition comprises 1-3%, or 1-2% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material. In particular embodiments, the composition comprises 1%, 2%, or 3% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material. In a particular embodiment, the sum of these three components: the binder material, the expanded pearlite and the potassium polyacrylate account for 100% of the total weight of the composition. That is, the composition only contains the binder material, expanded pearlite, and potassium polyacrylate and no component is present. additional. Therefore, the sum of the percentage by weight of the binder material, the expanded pearlite and the potassium polyacrylate results in 100% of the weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the sum of these three components: the binder material, the expanded pearlite and the potassium polyacrylate account for less than 100% of the total weight of the composition. That is, the composition may contain some additional component, in addition to the binder material, expanded pearlite and potassium polyacrylate. Therefore, the sum of the components (the binder material, the expanded pearlite and the potassium polyacrylate) is less than or equal to 100%. In a particular embodiment, the composition of the invention has a plaster mass that is at least 1 kg. Thus, the lightened material especially indicated for the preparation of prefabricated objects of the invention may comprise a minimum quantity of 1 kg of plaster (or other binder) for the execution of the mixtures and application of the percentages and water / plaster ratios previously indicated, with the aim of being able to carry out the kneading process with sufficient slack and facilitate the homogeneous mixing of the components.
    [0067] In a particular embodiment, the composition additionally comprises water in a ratio of between 0.65 and 0.80 with respect to the mass of binder material. As indicated, the invention consists of a lightened plaster material for the production of prefabricated plates and panels for use in construction. This material presents a series of technical characteristics such as a decrease in density of approximately 15-20% with respect to the values obtained for plaster mixtures with a water / binder mass ratio of 0.65 - 0.80 without additives, without an excessive decrease in its mechanical properties occurs.
    [0069] The binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, and plaster. This binder material is made up of any type of plaster or commercial plaster, the use of type E-35 plaster or similar being preferable, since its good mechanical performance has been proven, with a water / binder mass ratio preferably between 0.65 and 0.8. E-35 plaster is made up of semi-hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO4 ^ H2O), which in turn can include setting regulating additives and has a minimum flexural strength of 3.5 N / mm2. It is frequently used in the execution of prefabricated partitions and false ceilings, as well as in the implementation of these. At the moment In the invention, plaster type E-35 or the like has a water / plaster powder or binder ratio of 0.65 to 0.80. It should be noted that mixing water is called the amount of water that is added to the mixture to obtain the plaster object of the invention, which is calculated based on the water / plaster ratio by weight and can be obtained using methods such as from kneading to saturation or the method of measuring the fluidity of the dough.
    [0071] In the context of the invention, the expanded pearlite that is added during the kneading process and that is included in the composition of the present invention is a mineral of volcanic origin, the chemical composition of which (CAS number: 93763-70-3) contains the following oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O) and that allows to considerably lighten the weight of the material. It is a low-density material with a rounded shape due to the large amount of occluded air it contains. In addition, it has a low cost, low toxicity and good properties such as thermal insulation, and does not react chemically with the plaster mixture during the kneading process. In an embodiment of the invention, the expanded pearlite has a density between 30-150 kg / m3. Thus, in particular embodiments of the invention, the expanded pearlite has a density of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 or 150 kg / m3. In addition, for the specific case of this invention, the expanded perlite can be included for kneading in a ground or unground form. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the pearlite particles has a diameter equal to or less than 4 mm. In other embodiments of the invention, the diameter of the pearlite particles is 0.5-4mm, 1-4mm, 2-4mm, or 3-4mm. In embodiments, the diameter of the pearlite particles is 0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 4 mm.
    [0073] In the context of the present invention, expanded pearlite has a composition by weight of 70-75% silicon dioxide: SiO2; 12-15% aluminum oxide: Al2O3; 3-4% sodium oxide: Na2O; 3-5% potassium oxide: K2O; 0.5-2.0% iron oxide: Fe2O3; 0.5-1.0% titanium oxide: TiO2; 0.2-0.7% magnesium oxide: MgO; 0.5-1.5% calcium oxide: CaO. In addition, perlite can suffer a 3-5% loss in the furnace due to chemically combined water.
    [0075] On the other hand, the lightened material described in the present invention contains in its composition potassium polyacrylate (CAS number: 25608-12-2), whose formulation Simplified chemistry is: (C3H3KO2) ny which is capable of generating an internal network of pores after setting, accelerating the hardening of the material in a fresh state and improving thermal insulation once it has dried. It is a white, odorless powder that can absorb up to 500 times its original weight in water. In a particular embodiment, the potassium polyacrylate is powdered potassium polyacrylate. In the context of the present invention, the term "powder" is used to refer to solid particles with a diameter less than 500 microns.
    [0077] Additionally, the lightened plaster object of the present invention may in turn comprise the addition of natural and / or synthetic fibers to improve the mechanical performance of the material. More specifically, this addition of fibers in the lightened plaster matrix would, among other things, make it possible to improve the flexural strength of the plaster precasts. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the composition additionally comprises 1-5% artificial fibers and / or natural fibers, with respect to the mass of binder material. In particular embodiments, the composition additionally comprises 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of artificial fibers and / or natural fibers, relative to the mass of binder material. The fibers of natural origin can be from hemp, straw or wood among others, and the fibers of synthetic origin can be glass, polypropylene, basalt or polyamide, without the use of steel fibers is recommended. Thus, in one embodiment, the artificial fibers are selected from the group consisting of glass, polypropylene, basalt, and polyamide, and where the natural fibers are selected from the group consisting of hemp, straw, and wood. These fibers, properly distributed evenly throughout the material during the kneading process, produce a stitching effect that prevents the areas of the cracked material from abruptly separating, producing a brittle break.
    [0079] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a construction material comprising a composition according to the first aspect of the invention. In a particular embodiment, the construction material is a prefabricated element. In the context of the present invention, a prefabricated building material is understood to be that which has been manufactured (molded, hardened, etc.) in a location other than the location corresponding to its application or use. These prefabricated elements are typically provided with standard measures and shapes in order to be able to be assembled at the location of application or use. A) Yes, In particular embodiments, the prefabricated building material comprising a composition according to the first aspect of the invention can have multiple geometries for the different uses of the invention, the most common being those that maintain square or rectangular shapes specially conceived for its use in false ceilings and partitions. In an embodiment of the present invention, the prefabricated building material refers to an individual element that can be assembled in the location corresponding to its application or use to form the complete building element, resulting from the set of all the individual elements. prefabricated.
    [0081] The effects observed after the tests carried out on the lightened material that is the objective of this invention give it a series of properties that differentiates it from other conventional materials (for example, plaster) for the preparation of precast existing on the market. Its properties include its low apparent density, which ranges from a minimum of 850 kg / m3 to a maximum of 1030 kg / m3 in the hardened state, determined at a laboratory ambient temperature of 23 ° C. Therefore, in an embodiment of the invention, the building material has a maximum apparent density in the hardened state of 1030 kg / m3 and a minimum apparent density of 850 kg / m3. On the other hand, the lightened and fast-setting plaster object of the invention has a Shore C hardness between 79 - 90 Shore C units. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, the construction material has a Shore C hardness that is It is between 79 - 90 Shore C units. Likewise, said lightened and fast setting plaster has a mechanical resistance to flexural traction that is between 2.75 - 3.50 MPa, its mechanical resistance to compression is between 4.90 - 8.85 MPa , and its thermal conductivity is between 0.09-0.12 W / mK. In an embodiment of the invention, the construction material has a flexural strength that is between 2.75 - 3.50 MPa, and a compressive strength that is between 4.90 - 8.85 MPa. In an embodiment of the invention, the building material has a coefficient of thermal conductivity that is between 0.09-0.12 W / mK. The parameters of the present lightweight and fast-setting plaster object of the invention that are described in this document are measured in accordance with the UNE-EN 13279-2: 2014 standard.
    [0083] Methods of the invention
    [0084] In addition, it is also an object of the present invention, the method of manufacturing the lightened material especially indicated for the manufacture of prefabricated elements that is described in this document. Therefore, in one aspect, the invention also refers to a method for obtaining a construction material, wherein said method comprises the following steps:
    [0085] a) mixing a binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum and plaster, with 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material, and with 1-3% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material; b) adding the mixture of step (a) by dusting the content in a container with water, where the amount of water is in a ratio of between 0.65 and 0.80 with respect to the mass of binder material;
    [0086] c) carry out a process of kneading the mixture of step (a) in water.
    [0088] The process of kneading the mixture of stage (a) is carried out in the water of stage (b). In particular embodiments, the water in step (b) is water that does not contain any type of additional compound, that is, it is water that does not contain any additives. In other particular embodiments, the water of step (b) contains additives that accelerate or retard setting.
    [0090] The method object of the invention is carried out in accordance with the UNE-EN 13279-2: 2014 standard. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the binder material is in powder form, the expanded pearlite is low-density expanded pearlite (density between 30-150 kg / m3), crushed or unground, and the potassium polyacrylate is potassium polyacrylate in dust.
    [0092] As a result of the mixing of the described components, the final mechanical properties are given to the composite material. Thus, when all the materials described are mixed together, combined effects appear that enhance the individual ones. These synergistic effects are responsible for producing a decrease in the density of the material of the invention compared to traditional plaster matrices, without reducing its mechanical behavior or surface hardness. The setting times, on the other hand, are reduced compared to traditional plasters without additives and the thermal conductivity of the material also decreases in comparison to traditional casts. In this way, the main advantages that are extracted from the composition of the new material object of this invention are a significant decrease in the final density of the plaster material obtained, and consequently the own weight of the elements and construction systems manufactured with it, as well as better thermal properties of the material for its use in the preparation of precast and cladding.
    [0094] In a preferred embodiment of the method object of the invention, the kneading process in turn comprises the following described steps:
    [0095] i. stir the mixture for a time between 15 to 30 seconds describing movements in the shape of eight;
    [0096] ii. rest the mixture for a time between 30-60 seconds;
    [0097] iii. Stir the mixture for a time between 15-45 seconds, describing movements in the shape of eight, until a homogeneous paste is obtained and before it begins to harden.
    [0099] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the method comprises an additional stage prior to stage b) where 1-5% of artificial fibers and / or natural fibers are added to the water, preferably where the artificial fibers are selected from the group consisting of glass, polypropylene, basalt and polyamide, and where natural fibers are selected from the group consisting of hemp, straw and wood. In particular embodiments, the composition additionally comprises 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of artificial fibers and / or natural fibers, relative to the mass of binder material.
    [0101] In a particular embodiment of the invention, the method comprises an additional stage after stage (c), drying in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 50 ° C at the age of seven days. This additional subsequent stage improves the thermal resistance of the hardened material and generates an internal porosity network.
    [0103] Uses of the invention
    [0105] In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the first aspect of the invention, or to the use of a building material according to the invention, for the manufacture of a prefabricated building part. The Prefabricated building part can be a plate and / or panel for interior partitions, ceilings and false ceilings. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, it refers to the use of individual elements as prefabricated construction materials, for the manufacture of a complex construction element, where the complex element is the result of the set of all the individual prefabricated elements .
    [0107] Prefabricated conglomerate material (for example, plaster and / or plaster) are arranged in multiple geometries for the different uses of the invention, the most common being those that maintain square or rectangular shapes specially designed for use in false ceilings and partitions, although there are also pieces with very different geometries such as decoration moldings. A common point of all these precasts is that they are formed by the mixture of binder material (plaster or plaster), with the addition of additives and mixing with water.
    [0109] Thus, the most immediate application for the lightened material object of the present invention is the execution of prefabricated panels for modular construction. These plates and panels can be used in the execution of interior divisions of buildings, façade cladding, ceilings and false ceilings. Especially useful is its application to the execution of false ceilings by means of lightened plates. These false ceilings can be continuous non-removable, where practical dimensions of 1000x600 mm2 to 600x600 mm2 are recommended, or continuous removable, whose practical dimensions would be 1200x600 mm2 to 600x600 mm2. Although the material presented manages to significantly lighten the panel's own weight, it is not advisable to exceed these dimensions to facilitate the work of the operator and avoid possible flexural breakage due to an excessive deflection in the center of the suspended precast.
    [0111] Furthermore, it is possible to use counter-molds on the back of the plate during the setting process of the plaster material object of the invention, thus reducing the thickness in the central area of the plate and leaving it with ribs and cells. In the case of rectangular pieces, it is advisable to reinforce them by using synthetic fibers (eg: fiberglass, basalt or polypropylene) or vegetable fibers (eg: wood or straw fiber) to increase their cohesion and rigidity. , especially improving its flexural strength. In addition, on certain occasions, for For example, when it comes to the elaboration of interior partitions that separate two different houses as a dividing wall, two plates can be used on each side of the partition to stiffen the construction system. In turn, it is possible to incorporate metallic aluminum devices on the back of the false ceiling plate, which allow it to be placed on the anchoring elements. These elements can be incorporated during the setting process of the plaster material described for its elaboration.
    [0113] All the terms and embodiments described above are applicable to any aspect and embodiment of the invention. According to the present invention, the singular term "the", "the", "an", "one", "one", also refers to its corresponding plural "the", "the", "some" , "some", unless it is clear from the context that the term clearly refers to a species in the singular. The term "comprises" or "comprising", as used herein, also describes "consists of "or" consisting of "in accordance with generally accepted patent practice.
    [0115] EXAMPLES
    [0117] The following invention is described by means of the following examples, which are to be construed as merely illustrative and not limiting of the scope of the invention.
    [0119] Example 1: Lightened plaster material
    [0121] First of all, it should be noted that the lightened plaster material described in this document is specially designed for the production of precast construction, such as plates for false ceilings or partition panels. The characteristics of these precasts will depend on the good work of the manufacturer in terms of dimensions and thickness, although there is a preferred embodiment in their manufacture. To this end, in the first place the amounts have been set for four possible different dosages (cases 1 to 4), which have been tested for the realization of this invention, keeping the water / plaster ratio constant and expressing the percentages of the additives in relation to to the plaster mass (Table 1). For comparison, two dosages are shown (cases 5 and 6) where the effect of including the additives separately is tested:
    [0122] Table 1. Amounts used referred to the mass of plaster.
    [0124]
    [0127] In any case, it must be considered that an excess of additive, especially Potassium Polyacrylate, can be detrimental to the mechanical characteristics of the finished product or its setting times, but an insufficient amount of additive will not show any damage.
    [0129] During mixing, the recommendations of the EN 13279-2: 2014 standard must be followed with some peculiarity. The expanded perlite (ground or unground) and the potassium polyacrylate should be mixed homogeneously with the dry plaster powder. Subsequently, the mixture is sprinkled for 30 seconds on a container with water and the kneading process begins following the recommendations of the aforementioned standard. Low energetic mechanical kneading performed with machinery is recommended, since in general better results are achieved and the process can be automated. In the case of adding fibers (natural or synthetic) to the mix in order to improve its resistance to flexural traction, they must be distributed in the mixing water before sprinkling the plaster. This process of fraying the fibers can be done manually or mechanically, based on the material requirements that are desired to be obtained. In addition, one milliliter of detergent dissolved in each liter of water can be used to create a soapy solution and prevent the fibers from clumping together into tangles. The pouring into the mold that will shape the part or precast must be carried out gradually and constantly to avoid deficiencies during setting. It should be noted that it is useful to grease the interior walls with oil to facilitate subsequent stripping. Care must be taken when leveling the surface, which will allow a constant thickness to be achieved throughout the plate and the rapid setting of the mixture can make the operation difficult.
    [0130] Once the material has been kneaded and hardened after seven days according to the UNE-EN 13279-2: 2014 standard, its mechanical properties can be tested. It should be noted that the samples made with the lightened plaster material object of the present invention improve their thermal resistance after drying in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 50 ° C. This is due to the fact that during kneading and subsequent setting, the polymer absorbs the water from the medium. During drying, the potassium polyacrylate molecules embedded in the plaster matrix dehydrate, and the loss of water causes their size to decrease, and an internal network of pores is generated. Several tests have been carried out in order to characterize the material of the invention (Table 2). In general terms, a decrease in weight can be observed, which is reflected in a decrease in the density of the material, without this abruptly affecting the mechanical resistance to flexural traction and compression. The material also has greater porosity and a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, which makes it an ideal material for use indoors.
    [0132] Table 2. Average properties of the hardened materials tested in accordance with the UNE-EN 13279-2: 2014 standard and referring to the dosages used in Table 1.
    [0137] For the use of lightened plaster material especially indicated for the execution of prefabricated plates or panels, it should be noted that these elements constructives admit any type of support due to their high versatility. However, the most functional system consists of mechanical fastening, since both the false ceiling plates or prefabricated panels can be machined and admit surface preparation and painting. The fixing and anchoring systems are industrialized and easy to find on the market. This lightened plaster material for use in construction is specially designed to be manufactured through a continuous lamination process, maintaining flatness between the faces and constant thickness. Although it is true that these panels or plates can be perforated in order to increase their acoustic absorption, incorporating sheets of sound-absorbing material on the back of the same.
    [0139] In this way, dry partition or modular construction systems for interiors have the advantage of having shorter execution times, generating a lower volume of waste and not requiring excessively qualified labor. These pieces are capable of receiving treatments for sealing joints and limiting imperfections, as well as receiving different types of coatings such as Aluminum, PVC, paper, foams, etc., in order to achieve properties before being placed on site. improved waterproofing, wear resistance or decorative, among other possibilities.
    [0141] On those occasions when the material must be made "in situ", it is convenient to control the drying temperature and the setting time, since in very hot areas the sample may become unusable and prevent the workability of the mixture of the material described.
    权利要求:
    Claims (20)
    [1]
    1. A composition comprising:
    • binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, plaster, and combinations thereof;
    • 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material; • 1-3% potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material.
    [2]
    The composition according to claim 1, additionally comprising water in a ratio of 0.65 to 0.80 with respect to the mass of binder material.
    [3]
    The composition according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the mass of plaster is at least 1 kg.
    [4]
    4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the expanded pearlite has a density comprised between 30-150 kg / m3.
    [5]
    5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the diameter of the pearlite particles has a diameter equal to or less than 4 mm.
    [6]
    The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the potassium polyacrylate is powdered potassium polyacrylate.
    [7]
    The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, additionally comprising 1-5% artificial fibers and / or natural fibers, relative to the mass of binder material.
    [8]
    The composition according to claim 7, wherein the artificial fibers are selected from the group consisting of glass, polypropylene, basalt and polyamide, and where the natural fibers are selected from the group consisting of hemp, straw and wood.
    [9]
    9. A building material comprising a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, preferably where building material is a prefabricated building material.
    [10]
    The building material according to claim 9, wherein the building material has a maximum bulk density in the hardened state of 1030 kg / m3 and a minimum bulk density of 850 kg / m3.
    [11]
    The building material according to any one of claims 9 or 10, wherein its Shore C hardness is between 79-90 Shore C units.
    [12]
    12. The construction material according to any one of claims 9 to 11, where its mechanical resistance to flexural traction is between 2.75 -3.50 MPa, and its mechanical resistance to compression is between 4.90 - 8.85 MPa.
    [13]
    13. The building material according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein its coefficient of thermal conductivity is between 0.09-0.12 W / mK.
    [14]
    Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or use of a construction material according to any one of claims 9 to 13, for the manufacture of a prefabricated construction part.
    [15]
    The use according to claim 14, wherein the prefabricated building part is a plate and / or a panel for interior partitions, ceilings and false ceilings.
    [16]
    16. Method for obtaining a construction material, where said method comprises the following stages:
    a) mixing a binder material, where the binder material is selected from the group consisting of anhydrite, gypsum and plaster, with 1-3% perlite expanded with respect to the mass of binder material, and with 1-3% of potassium polyacrylate with respect to the mass of binder material; b) adding the mixture of step (a) by dusting the content in a container with water, where the amount of water is in a ratio of between 0.65 and 0.80 with respect to the mass of binder material;
    c) carry out a process of kneading the mixture of step (a) in water.
    [17]
    17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the water of step (b) contains additives accelerating or retarding setting.
    [18]
    18. The method according to any one of claims 16 or 17, wherein the kneading process comprises the following steps:
    i. stir the mixture for a time between 15 to 30 seconds describing movements in the shape of eight;
    ii. rest the mixture for a time between 30-60 seconds;
    iii. Stir the mixture for a time between 15-45 seconds, describing movements in the shape of a figure, until a homogeneous paste is obtained and before it begins to harden.
    [19]
    19. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the method comprises an additional step prior to step b) where 1-5% of artificial fibers and / or natural fibers are added to the water, preferably where man-made fibers are selected from the group consisting of glass, polypropylene, basalt, and polyamide, and where natural fibers are selected from the group consisting of hemp, straw, and wood.
    [20]
    20. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein a step of drying in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 50 ° C is added at the age of seven days.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2841130B2|2022-02-28|
    引用文献:
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    CN106188727A|2016-07-12|2016-12-07|张海棠|A kind of environmental protection waterproof material and preparation method thereof|
    CN106278097A|2016-08-12|2017-01-04|马鞍山十七冶工程科技有限责任公司|A kind of titanium gypsum stalk fibre light aggregate concrete and preparation method thereof|
    CN106747183A|2016-11-29|2017-05-31|洛阳新巨能高热技术有限公司|Energy-conserving and environment-protective material|
    CN108658557A|2017-03-27|2018-10-16|天津宇屹新材料科技发展有限公司|Light insulating wall special plastering mortar|
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